8106 - Bismuth and articles thereof, including waste and scrap:

This HTS category, 8106, encompasses bismuth itself, as well as articles manufactured from this metal. This includes new or refined bismuth, as well as waste and scrap materials containing bismuth. The scope of this chapter is broad, covering all forms of bismuth and its fabricated products, irrespective of their specific application or level of processing.

Within the broader context of Section XV, which deals with base metals and their articles, Chapter 81 focuses on less common or "other" base metals, distinguishing them from more widely traded metals like iron, copper, or aluminum found in earlier chapters. Bismuth's unique properties, such as its low melting point and diamagnetic characteristics, set it apart and warrant its own dedicated classification.

The subcategories within 8106 provide a means to further refine the classification based on the purity of the bismuth. 8106.10.00.00 is specifically for bismuth that is of extremely high purity, containing more than 99.99 percent bismuth by weight. All other forms of bismuth and articles thereof, including those of lower purity or mixed with other base metals, fall under the residual category of 8106.90.00.00. This distinction is crucial for accurate duty assessment and statistical reporting.